Teaching The Noun Phrase In English English Language Essay

Teaching The Noun Phrase In English English Language Essay English syntax presents the nominal group or noun phrase (NP) as a basic constituent of the clause (S). Phrase Structure rules normally represent S as consisting of a Noun Phrase and a Verb Phrase (VP). (1) S Æ’Â   NP VP The constituents of the clause or sentence are then further broken down into their constituents. Yet the proposal of other theories to capture the constituents of S has resulted in more complex but more precise ways of explaining how the constituents of a sentence relate to each other. An extension on X-bar theory by Santorini and Kroch in their online textbook The syntax of natural language: An online introduction using the Trees program actually identifies NPs as Determiner Phrases or DPs. Although this paper will not delve into the layers of complexity advocated by such theorists, it does move away from the traditional strategies of teaching nouns and NPs and seeks to ratify approaches for introducing the teaching of NPs in the ESL/EFL context. We shall, therefore, describe the structure of the NP, mentioning the categories of count and non-count (or mass) nouns; and finally prescribe a viable teaching option with respect to the noun phrase. Nouns and the structure of NPs Traditional grammar defines the noun as the name of a person, place, animal or thing. This vague definition succumbs quite readily to criticism the moment we move away from holding it high in the canon of English grammar to one of closer examination. Huddleston (84) lists a few properties that help to classify this word class: It contains amongst its most central members those words that denote persons or concrete objects Its members head phrases noun phrases which characteristically function as subject or object in clause structure and refer to participants in the situation described in the clause, to the actor, patient, recipient, and so on. It is the class to which the categories of number, gender and case have their primary application It becomes significantly easier for us to define the noun and subsequently the NP by looking at its function and distribution in the clause. Brinton and Brinton (193) expand the NP in a table that has been reproduced below: Table 1. Expansions of NP NP Æ’Â   N dogs Det N the dogs Det A N the large dogs Det AP N the loudly barking dogs Det N PP the dog in the yard Det A N PP the ferocious dog behind the fence Det AP N PP the wildly yapping dog on the sofa Pro He PN Goldy In all of the expansions except the final two the head of the NP the noun (N) is obligatory. In the final two expansions the head has been substituted by a pronoun and a Proper noun respectively. These two are still subsumed under the category of noun so we can still say that the head subsists to some degree. The broadest expansion level of the NP, Det AP N PP presents categories that may be grouped in relation to the noun head of the phrase. Therefore, we may talk about pre-head dependents and post-head dependents. Huddleston asserts that an NP will consist of a noun as head, alone or accompanied by one or more dependentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦pre-head and post-head dependents (85). He mentions that the pre-head dependents may be determiners and/or modifiers and that the post-head dependents consist of complements, modifiers and peripheral dependents. Where Huddleston calls these elements dependents (either pre-head or post-head), Downing and Locke, in order to simplify matters, label them modifiers (403). They locate the head of the phrase as the central element around which are located the pre-modifiers and post-modifiers. Figure 1 shows a diagrammatic representation of the general constituents of the NP. Figure 1. Diagrammatic Representation of an NP Noun (Head) Post-modifiers Specifiers Pre-modifiers Although the number of determiners is quite limited (Huddleston (86) states that there are approximately three determiner slots), there seems to be less restriction on what can fill the modifier position. Determiners have the form of: (ÃŽÂ ±) determinatives the, some, which, etc (recall that determiner is used as the name of a function, determinative of a class); (ÃŽÂ ²) Poss Ps the dogs, your fathersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(ÃŽÂ ³) cardinal numerals: one, twoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(ÃŽÂ ´) embedded NPs expressing quantification: a dozenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a fewà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦An NP may contain up to three determinersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Huddleston 86). Downing and Locke (404) also suggest that the relatively restricted list of determiners (articles, demonstratives, possessives, Wh-words, distributives and quantifiers) can be put into three broad categories: Central determinatives: the articles, the demonstratives, the possessives, the quantifiers Pre-determinatives: all, both, twice, double, such Post-determinatives: the ordinal numerals and the semi-determinatives (same, other, former, latter, own) As said before, Santorini and Kroch in Chapter 5 of their online book argue a case for DPs. They believe that nounsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦cannot in general function as arguments on their own, but must be accompanied by a determiner. This makes sense even if there is a zero marker for the determiner. They go on to say to caution the reader: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the traditional term noun phrase is a misnomer since noun phrases are maximal projections of D rather than of N. Because the term noun phrase is firmly established in usage, we continue to use it as an informal synonym for DP. However, in order to avoid confusion, we will use the term NP only to refer to the subconstituent of a noun phrase that is the complement of a determiner. We will never use it to refer to an entire noun phrase (that is, a DP) The NP can also be called the complement of a determiner as suggested by Santorini and Kroch, but in order to keep concepts simple we should stick to the distinction as prescribed by the diagram above where the determiner position is synonymous with specifier. The pre-modifier position (labelled AP in Brinton and Brintons largest expansion above) can be filled with a number of classes: adjectives (and adverbs), nouns, participial forms of verbs and possessives. Due to the recursive property of this position, there is a complex ordering sequence of these classes. This can be seen quite clearly if we solely look at the ordering of adjectives (Parrot 54): Table 2. Order of adjectives in the NP 1 Size 2 Shape 3 Colour 4 Origin 5 Material 6 Use Noun a large white loaf a sleeveless blue woollen pullover Small Spanish serving dishes The order also places the opinion of the speaker (subjective aspect) before a description (objective aspect) of the object. The post-modifiers, on the other hand, can exist as complements, modifiers and peripheral dependents (Huddleston 93). X-bar theory accounts for these elements by the use of the terms adjunct and complement. In the diagram below, these post-head elements are shown to the right of the X circles. XP X X Specifier Adjunct Complement X X Head Figure 2. Template for an XP in X-bar theory Whereas adjuncts are seen as optional modifiers, complements are shown to be obligatory. The diagram shows their differing positions within the hierarchy of the phrase (XP), where the complement appears closer to the head. Although this information may be helpful for the teacher, it would be better to stay away from X-bar theory when trying to explain phrase formation to the student unless the student has already had interaction with it. One cannot mention the noun, and even the noun phrase, without mentioning an aspect of nouns that is relatively unique to them their countability. Allan mentions that the notion of countability varies and has to do with the perception of the speaker and listener: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦that which is countable is denumerable. Although countability is a linguistic category, it typically has perceptual correlations: the reference of what is linguistically countable is ordinarily perceived in terms of one or more discrete entities. What is uncountable is typicallyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦perceived as an undifferentiated unity. (565) The countability of the noun is linked to its ability to be inflected for plurality and is also linked to the use of certain determiners. Uncountable or mass nouns in English are not normally pluralised unless the speaker is using some type of jargon peculiar to a field. However, the notion of countability also carries across into the NP. If the noun, as head of the phrase, is countable, it also means that the NP would be countable as well. Teaching the NP to ESL/EFL students The NP should not be introduced explicitly to low-level proficiency ESL/EFL students. Although the students may have some unconscious knowledge of the NP in their own languages, it is a more appropriate approach to teach Upper-Intermediate and Advanced level students about the workings of the NP to improve their stylistic capabilities and also to improve their communicative options. The teaching of the NP, like everything else, must be contextualised and not necessarily bogged down by solely teaching the students grammar. It is quite important to link the teaching of the NP to previous knowledge gained by the students so that its syntactic structure can be used as a refresher for students with respect to things like count and non-count nouns, adverbials and determiners. Students can be taught inductively by teachers where sentences are put on the board and students can also be asked to identify the syntactic categories that make up the phrase and also the apparent rules for the ordering of categories. Nevertheless, an indispensible teaching tool in this area would be to let the students be these categories. What do I mean by be? Well, if we look singly at the AP constituent of the NP and wish to help students to grasp the order of the adjectives (as listed in the table above), the teacher can put an AP on the board containing quite a number of these adjectives. Then random students can be asked to come to the front of the class and the teacher can assign the students a word. The students can write this word on a page and stick it to their chests or hold them up. Subsequently, the teacher can ask the students to move around in a line to represent the phrase, swapping positions with each other and encouraging the class to read the phrase according to the new orders. The teacher will have to have some knowledge of APs and be able to explain why random ordering of lexical items is unacceptable in APs. This exercise can also be done with NPs to some extent. The teacher can use it to show the recursivity of the modifier positions especially (vis-à  -vis embedded clauses and other modifiers) and to solidify the ordering of the constituents. This kinaesthetic approach can also be complemented by a musical one where a song can be used to show the meaning as well as the functional use of NPs. Gardners Multiple Intelligences is a good tool to take advantage of when teaching these primarily grammar-oriented topics, but calls on a lot from the teacher in the realm of creativity and preparation.

Should Gambling Be Legalized Essay -- essays research papers

Should Gambling Be Legalized?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gambling is the risking of money or other possessions that’s mostly depends on chance and luck, even tough some forms of gambling may be influenced by skills. Some stereotypical forms of gambling are found in casinos they include: roulette, blackjack, craps, poker, slots and many others. Nevertheless, there are other forms of gambling that people would not even consider them so such as playing the lottery. Gambling has been very popular since the beginning of time when people would use instruments of divination in order to try to predict the outcomes of important events such as wars. These devices were very similar to the ones we use for gambling today (Gambling). Gambling continues to be quite popular in today’s society. Nevertheless, many people bel...

From Garden City to Garbage City, Bangalore Essay

A city well reputed as the Information Technology (IT) capital of India, home to many well recognized educational and research institutes like the Indian Institute of Science (IIS), Indian Institute of Management (IIMB), Indian Institute of Fashion Designing (IIFD), Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), National Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (NIMHANS), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), with Infosys and Wipro headquarters, a city fondly nicknamed the â€Å"Silicon Valley of India† is the second fastest growing and developing Indian city. Listed fourth among the top 15 cities contributing to India’s overall GDP it is the country most preferred by the entrepreneurs all over the world. Bangalore is famous as the â€Å"Garden City of India† because of its gentle climate, broad streets, greenery and the presence of public parks, such as Lal Bagh and Cubban Park. Regular flowers shows and biannual flowers shows are he ld at the Lal Bagh gardens during the week of Republic Day (26 January) and Independence Day (15 August) which attracts thousands of tourists from all over the world. see more:essay about bangalore Recapturing my memory, twenty years ago, Bangalore was a small halli (village) surrounded by many small villages with rich fields which was the main reason for Bangalore’s salubrious and fantastic climate. Trees were planted on either sides of the roads which added to the pleasant and cool atmosphere. The roads were deprived of any kind of noise, motor vehicles and pollution. Bangalore was completely surrounded by green carpets. There were innumerable tanks, ponds and lakes all around. All this may sound like a story but this was how wealthy Bangalore was in terms of its greenery and beauty. One would wake up listening to the chirping of birds, feel the cool and pleasant wind blow over their face. The air was pure and rejuvenating. But today Bangalore, India’s showpiece city for its salubrious climate and beautiful gardens is struggling to keep up its label of â€Å"The Garden City Of India†. The reason behind this being the encroachment of agricultural land for industrialization, construction and development, all of which lead to unexpected, unplanned and haphazard change in the Garden City. Holocaust of trees and vegetation occurred when road widening, laying of electric and telephone lines, establishment of industries, buildings and construction of private colonies began. In less than 12 years the Garden City was converted into a globalised IT capital. All the beauty, the charm, the charisma that  Bangalore once had being the Garden City of the country appears only in books and is lost in the history. But today the scenario is topsy turvy. And my sweet memories turn bitter when I look at the scenario now. Walking down the lanes the only thing that catches one’s eye sight are the tall sky scrapers, slums, barren lands with mountains of waste and vast stretches of colonies. There is rarely any patch of greenery left on the grounds of a city which was once called the Pensioners ‘Paradise’. BBMP (Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike or Greater Bangalore City Corporation) is responsible for the safe disposable of the tonnes of waste generated by the city’s residents. Karnataka’s capital city generates more than 4500 tonnes of garbage everyday which is transported to the outskirts of the city to the landfills of Doddaballapur, Mandur and Mavallipura. The committees around these areas have borne the brunt of the city’s garbage, poisoning their environment and succumbing to innumerable diseases. With the unavailability of any further landfills, and the negligence by the BBMP, Bangaloreans have begun to dump the erratic garbage collection along the road sides. All this is a by- product of the ‘use and throw’ culture. Even the road dividers are not spared. The drains, the pot-holes are over- flowing with the wastes. All this is turning into a grave environmental and public hazard. Animals are dying on a large scale by consuming plastic instead of grass, there is widespread of epidemic among the flora and fauna, climatic conditions, rainfall pattern are getting disturbed. The root cause of the problem begins at household where people fail to segregate the wet(organic) and dry(inorganic) waste. This adds to the burden of spending additional money in segregation. The other culprit has been the nexus between the civil Government and the private contractors who have failed in their obligation to manage and collect the waste on time. To curtail the situation BBMP had announced mandatory dry and wet waste segregation for every household. But people’s negligence forced the BBMP to withdraw its order. A feverish hunt is on for hundreds of acres of land to accommodate the 5000 odd tonnes of garbage generated daily by the city’s eight million population. People blame the contractors and the BBMP for not  giving timely service to them and the authorities blame the general public for not taking interest in waste segregation at their home. The blame game is on. It is not that the BBMP has insufficient technology or incapability to handle the waste. Both the local public and the Government should cooperate and hold hands with each other during such a crisis. Tieing up with NGOs and private firms to turn the waste into energy or manure is one such measure to help tackle this problem. Setting up of biogas plants to treat the waste into compost, regular collection and picking up of waste, educating the masses can act as the anchor for BBMP’s sinking ship. The city once called the Garden city is in knee- deep trash today. The tree population is only 17 per 100 people. 74% of the city’s lakes and 66% of the city’s vegetation has been stripped off in the last few years. The sad and bitter truth is that garbage has replaced greenery. It high time that the new Government finds a permanent solution to this garbage menace and bring back the green tag and to prevent â€Å"Brand Bangalore† from getting buried in the mounds of stinking and filthy garbage.

English Commentary The following is a commentary o Essays

English Commentary The following is a commentary o Essays English Commentary The following is a commentary on paragraph in P.G 211 a 212 in the Sorrow of War.. The paragraph from page 211 to 212 has a very important significance to the story as a whole. It has a lot of metaphors and similes that add to the sorrowful mood of the story. In the beginning, the paragraph is very poetic, juxtaposing past images of life to future and present images of death and destruction. In specific it juxtaposes the "eternal" beauty of his girlfriend Phuong to the tragic finality of war. The paragraph is written in the simple past tense, the perfect past tense which means the past before the past and the hypothetical "would" in order to emphasize Kien's deep longings to relive the past. It also shows us how Kien lost his spirit of fighting, and gave up hope. This is spiritual loss, and it is what most soldiers were experiencing. There is basically no more hope, no more life, just death. Overall, the paragraph reflects images of the sorrows of war. The sorrows and effects of war are clearly shown when the narrator reverses traditional symbols. The first very evident example of reversing traditional symbols is the narrator's use of the concept of "miracle" and "dream" not to talk about a future goal but about the past. Thus returning to the past and finding it "unchanged" becomes a "miracle" and a "dream". We usually dream of the future and hope for a miracle that would "change" our lives. However the miracle that Kien awaits is to find that the past still exists "untouched" and "untainted". Of course that miracle is impossible and consequently the paragraph has a deep nostalgic sadness. Like Kien, we can feel the painful irony of the impossibility of this miracle to happen. Other images function in the same way to show Kien's despair and loss of hope. He saw "a river stretching before him. He saw himself floating towards his death". Here the narrator compares the river to a path that ends life. However, we usually associate rivers with freedom and ongoing life. The narrator also says "fate waited to take him from the terrible present to the happy days of the past". The narrator is showing us how much he longs to relive the past and how he dreads the present, and views his future as a horrible period of time. In the beginning of the paragraph, the narrator creates a beautiful world untouched by war through many poetic images. The narrator says "she would have been untainted by war". This shows us how war has ruined the girl Kien loved. The narrator creates images in our minds; about how his girlfriend would be if it wasnt for war. "She would be forever beautiful.", "Phong would remain young forever," and "No one would ever come close to her beauty". The narrator uses "forever" and "ever" and this evokes the image of a wonderful eternal life, that would have existed if it hadnt been for war. The narrator uses several similes that give a poetic feeling to the paragraph. The narrator says "As a green meadow" and "as fragrant flowers". These similes show us how much the narrator feels happy when he remembers or talks about the past, or about the pre-war period. In our minds this beautiful world of eternal and unchanged love is juxtaposed with the ugly reality of Kien alone in his room. The passage moves from describing Kien's longing for a miracle to a dream he has. This shift reflects a change in his outlook from an impossible hope to deep despair. "Would be a miracle", "would be untainted" and "would be untouched, unchanged". The repetition of the word "would" gives us an image of a hypothetical possibility. In contrast, Kien's dream is an experience he relives at night when he says "spreading before him were the past forty years". It is clear that Kien has changed from dreaming about a beautiful unchanged past to reliving it at night. The narrator clearly shows to us the sorrows of war through the images he creates in our minds. He uses the words "death", "destruction" and "war" while talking about

Supplier Relationships and Negotiations Essay Example

Supplier Relationships and Negotiations Essay Example Supplier Relationships and Negotiations Paper Supplier Relationships and Negotiations Paper Good relationships with suppliers are essential for running successful businesses. Managing supplier relationships can be a challenging and resource intensive operation. It would also require time and energy to be invested. Hence, it is important that the management identifies priorities in this area and focus their attention there. Segmenting the vendor base is one practical way of accomplishing this task. That is, instead of treating all vendors in equal footing, giving preferential treatment to key vendors is the right way to go. This is especially valid when the business enterprise is fairly large. The management needs to assess supplier relationships in terms of their complexity and criticality and then prioritize. In order to ascertain how complex the relationship with a particular supplier is, the following factors should be considered: â€Å"1.Number of individual relationships (contracts) your organization has with the vendor. 2. Variety of information products licensed from the vendor. 3. Degree of fragmentation of the vendor group, i.e., to what extent does the group act as autonomous units?† (Brevig, 2008, p.28) Criticality, on the other hand, is the negative consequences that the company would suffer if a particular vendor was not available. Hence, it is fairly obvious that depending on complexity and criticality of any supplier relationship management efforts toward maintain a healthy relationship should be decided. For example, â€Å"If the vendor relationship is uncomplicated and noncritical, you should probably use an opportunistic approach focusing on managing costs. Dealing with such vendors at arm’s length is adequate and the least resource-intensive. For vendor relationships of medium complexity and criticality, a collaborative approach is more appropriate.† (Brevig, 2008, p.28) Strategic relationships are another option that can be pursued for those suppliers who are deemed extremely important for the short-term and long-term operations of the company. It takes a lot of time, effort and energy to build strategic relationships. It also requires the involvement of top management from both parties to ensure its success. One of the key objectives of strategic management is to leverage the total potential with one solid relationship instead of many. Another aim would be to fully avail of the expertise offered by the supplier. (Bendixen, et.al, 2007, p.3) Skilful negotiation is another feature of supplier relationships. Negotiation is usually considered an art then a systematic method. Negotiation is defined as the amicable reaching of agreement among all involved parties. Successful negotiation depends on three important factors. The first is the compelling drive to succeed. Second is the strong comprehension of fundamental concepts; and third is good fortune. In essence, success or failure in negotiation is more dependent on â€Å"actions, inaction, habits, idiosyncrasies, blinders, insights and clever strategic movements of the individual involved, more than the terms of the agreement or other formal elements of the proposed transaction.† (Hanselmann, 2001, p.60) There are three different types of negotiation. These are: â€Å"The first is internal, which primarily involves managers and employees focusing on work and employee issues, such as job roles, pay, goals, priorities, tasks, productivity and deadlines. The second type of negotiation is external. This type of negotiation occurs between an organization and an external party, such as a customer, a suppler or your insurance carrier. All of us in the credit profession are involved in external negotiation on a daily basis. Some examples of external negotiation are bid proposals, delivery schedules, quality, deadlines, financing and the approval to supply our customers on a credit basis. The third type of negotiation is legal, which involves an organization abiding by the legal requirements of the various governing agencies.† (Hanselmann, 2001, p.60) Bendixen, Mike, Russell Abratt, and Preston Jones. â€Å"Ethics and Social Responsibility in Supplier-customer Relationships.† Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship 12.1 (2007): 3+. Brevig, Armand. â€Å"Getting Value from Vendor Relationships.† Searcher Oct. 2008: 28+. Hanselmann, Jacob J. â€Å"Success in Negotiation.† Business Credit Sept. 2001: 60+. Good relationships with suppliers are essential for running successful businesses. Managing supplier relationships can be a challenging and resource intensive operation. It would also require time and energy to be invested. Hence, it is important that the management identifies priorities in this area and focus their attention there. Segmenting the vendor base is one practical way of accomplishing this task. That is, instead of treating all vendors in equal footing, giving preferential treatment to key vendors is the right way to go. This is especially valid when the business enterprise is fairly large. The management needs to assess supplier relationships in terms of their complexity and criticality and then prioritize. In order to ascertain how complex the relationship with a particular supplier is, the following factors should be considered: â€Å"1.Number of individual relationships (contracts) your organization has with the vendor. 2. Variety of information .

Introduction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Introduction - Essay Example With this the signal is converted into a form which is compatible with the system. For analog form, A/D converter is used for the transmission of the signal, and for digital form, such a block is not required if data already exists in the digital form (Bagad and Dhotre, 2009, p.4-26). PCM – PCM or pulse-code modulation is a method based on digital encoding and are effectively used in optical fibre communications. The baseband video signal in the system is quantified and sampled. There is a series of bits that encodes the sample. The light is put on and off using binary signals. The bandwidth is required to be enhanced over the baseband method for its use. This is a good choice for optical communications, particularly when laser diode has to be utilized owing to presence of inherent nonlinearity in the source of the optics (Bandyopadhyay, 2014, p.314). PPM – PPM or pulse position modulation is used for optical communications where the code scheme involves a bit time divided into two slots. Data can either be 1 or 0. If it is 1, the pulse gets transmitted in the first bit time slot. If the data is 0, then the pulse gets generated in the second slot of the bit time. Expansion of PPM is also possible and proves to be efficient for optical communications (Alexander, 1997, p.228). Digital PPM – PPM can also be used digital transmission of information based on optical communications. It is also referred to as differential pulse position modulation. It is a variation of the PPM coding, which can transmit data irrespective of the presence of time. If delays occur in the transmission, they take reference from falling edge of the pulse that was earlier transmitted (Lazaridis, 2011). Multiple PPM and Dicode PPM – Dicode PPM and Multiple PPM are considered as the most efficient bandwidths for optical communications. The best forms of sensitivities are offered by these PPM without causing the large bandwidth of the system to increase.

The Usefulness of Marketing for Media and Entertainment Companies such Essay

The Usefulness of Marketing for Media and Entertainment Companies such as Disney - Essay Example Another marketing strategy that entertainment companies have resulted to is using electronic advertising in animated billboards. An example is Sony which has chosen to advertising in the ever busy New York’s Times Square where it is sure to attract millions of consumers. This marketing strategy has ensured that all the people using Times Square on a daily basis will have the opportunity to experience the advertisement and long to have the Sony phone which means that the sales of the Sony products and hence continue growing the company (Beattie, 2013). Lastly the media and entertainment industries should embrace using social media to advertise. They can advertise their upcoming movies and programs or premier events on their social media pages as a way to notify many people as well as market their products to their consumers to purchase. This marketing strategy has been used by other industries including the airplane companies and the results have been evident in the increase in client base as well as ensuring consumer satisfaction (Vorvoreanu, et al. 2013). Media industry as well as the entertainment industry in general has been experiencing competition in the recent past and marketing is one of the ways to ensure they have gained competitive advantage in the busy industry. Marketing will provide a niche for the company that will decide to spend more in their marketing (Haupeet, 2012). Marketing is also essential because entertainment forms keeps on changing as technology changes. In order to ensure that people are keeping up with these changes and they embrace it as it comes, marketing is the best strategy to do this. If the marketing strategy used will be able to reach many people at once, it then means that these people will also be kept abreast with the changes and will embrace them without much criticism to go with it (Anderson, 2007). The other importance of marketing strategy for the media and entertainment industries is to encourage