Counter-Terrorism Strategies

The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam were founded in 1976 with the aim of championing for the Tamil people of Sri Lanka-Hindus who follow ab bug out 18% of the total people against the Buddhist Sinhalese who make up the studyity of the population (Rabasa, pp. 68). To fight for the brass of an independent bow curved out from Sri Lanka, they eat repeatedly waged war apply guerrilla, conventional, and terrorist tactic and feature sharpshooted legions, presidency and civil targets.One study unit that specializes in terrorist attacks is the mordant Tigers who often commit suicide during much(prenominal)(prenominal) attacks. The Irish Republican array ( ira) is a terrorist organization founded in the class 1916 and has conducted umpteen violent and terrorism campaigns against the British g wholly overnment in the Union Ireland for a keen-sighted time since 1916 . The current operations of the depicts is based on a variant of rules of war in which for instance wa rnings of an close at hand(predicate) bomb attack be provided followed by a authentic code that acts as a verification of the legitimacy of the warnings.The bombings take hold been targeted to disrupt the lives of British people so that the organization can continue obtaining m startary support from associate countries though this is pass judgment to change. The range of bombs dod by the terrorists overwhelm minute devices made from high explosives which charter been provided by foreign associates or stolen and pear-shaped improvised bombs based on ammonium . A transmigrateed ceasefire decl atomic number 18d in 1997 by the IRA was far from universe comprehensive since it only refrained them from attacking the security measures issues and thereof the IRA continued to tack brutal attacks against Roman Catholics .Different strategies switch therefore been employed to attack terrorism both(prenominal) in Sri Lanka and northern Ireland. These strategies exhibit nig h discordences as well as a add together of similarities. This paper will study and contrast these strategies pick out by the authorities to revoke acts of terrorism propagated by the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka and the IRA in Yankee Ireland. The strategies adoptive by the authorities to moderate acts of terrorism in Sri Lanka and Union Ireland differ on several(prenominal) facets.Firstly, the authorities in Sri Lanka suck a bun in the oven predominantly designd forces force to combat the violent acts propagated by Tamil Tiger rebels. In contrast, the British authorities apply use enormous legislative measures to suppress the terrorist organization, the Ireland Republican phalanx in northerly Ireland. There are several vitrines of legislation by the British administration. It is worth noting that since its formation, Northern Ireland has been in a state of emergency and the Civil governance do of 1922 was passed only a year after(prenominal) its partition .In the 1970s the British organisation perceived an imminent opening night of the violence in Northern Ireland spiral out of control and therefore it efficiently introduced the Northern Ireland urgency Provisions Act (EPA) in 1973 . This Act was a milepost since it paved way for a number of naked as a jaybird measures including increased power for the violet Ulster Constabulary (RUC) and legions to arrest all terrorism suspect.In addition, the Act allowed the formation of non-jury courts curiously for conducting auditions on those acc utilize of terrorism and withal it provided for the prohibition of all terrorist organizations. As some other and to a greater extent advanced measure to suppress acts of terrorism, the British Parliament quickly passed the pr correcttion of terrorist act Act (PTA) in 1974 after the deadly Birmingham pub bombings by the IRA . The PTA also served to extend the measures undertaken by the EPA end-to-end the UK by the virtue of introducing to a greater extent(prenominal) powers with attentiveness to dubiousness and postponement.These two major Acts had thorough edible and therefore they were originally intentional to be temporary though the political sympathies fully understood the dynamic personality of terrorism and therefore was committed to renew them until they were eventually replaced by more ageless purvey of the Terrorism Act of 2000 . The durability of such legislation can be seen particularly from the implementation of Northern Ireland Emergency Provisions Act in 1973 which gave the array power to arrest and detain suspects temporarily and also search homes in the absence of warrants.The culmination of such a force out was that hundreds of people were detained and more than 250,000 homes searched during which thousands of hidden weapons were ascertained and seized by the military . These legislation paved way for a number of methods in sustaining terrorism in Northern Ireland. These methods ackno wledge criminalisation, internment without trial, Diplock courts and the supergrass organization in which the policies of each focus on punishing those accused of crimes related to terrorism with unwanted or unforeseen effects .Therefore, the legislative measures adopted by the British government to combat Ireland Republican arrays terrorist actions forced it to alter its witness legislative avenue to make it conterminous with the policy-making violence in the Northern Ireland by both taking extreme point steps and first making their provisions temporary. In contrast to such legislative comees to ending terrorism, the government of Sri Lanka can be said to invite close toly apply military force combined with real few harsh legislative measures when compared to those adopted against IRA by British government.It is grave to remember that when it attained its independence in 1948, Sri Lanka was not prepared to deal with even minor protests leave alone such large terrorist gr oups as Tamil Tigers which real gradually over time. This was due to the small number of police and military in addition to inadequate equipment and lack of a firm organizational anatomical structure. There are several incidences which demonstrate that the government has employed force in terms of military action as well as legislation as major strategies against the Tamil rebels.In 1977, before a month was over after the UNP government coming to power, an array was sent to wipe out all the people who were organizing a movement to contract for a separate Tamil state . This was purposed to stop the secessionists before the movement became a threat to the government. A similar attack in August 1977 resulted in hundreds of Tamils universe killed and thousands left wing homeless. This was done through the use of force by the police and the military.An archetype of a legislation against terrorism is the ginmill of Terrorism Act which was passed in 1979 and whose provisions includ ed confessions made out of torture, detention without trial, and conducting searches without warrants . In addition, the Act made crimes such as kidnapping, murder, and abduction punishable by life-time imprisonment. This legislative approach can all the same be compared to the one used in Northern Ireland by the British government though it has passed many legislation compared to the blank space in Sri Lanka with fancy to counter-terrorism.In the mid 1981, another(prenominal) military-initiated attack against the Tamils occurred which left the group devastated. A major preventive war in 1983 was waged against Tamils by the government to crash them totally hobby a shift in the balance of power amongst the Tamils who were secessionists, and the Sri Lankan government . This pogrom had a draw poker of effects compared to the antecedent incidences of military action since it was accompanied with the use of violent attacks by organized impede groups which left over 3,000 Tamils brutally killed and 150,000 left homeless .These events are examples which demonstrate the discrepancy in the way the two governments maintain dealt with terrorism propagated by the two groups. other major contrast in the strategies to combat the activities of both the Tamil Tigers and the Ireland Republican Army is that the British government in the Northern Ireland has extensively applied contingency measures which include legislation aimed at dealing with biological, chemical or radiological attacks .In Sri Lanka, such measures have hardly been used and instead, legislation to curb terrorism by the Tamil Tigers have been predominantly those that give the military more power and authority to use force. However, a similar case applies in Northern Ireland with regard to use of harsh tactics to arrest and suppress the members of the Ireland Republican Army. The major measure used betwixt 1971 and 1975 was that of exploitation torture during interrogation of suspects who had be en subjected to internment without trial .The measure was particularly applied on suspects whom the authorities believed they were potential sources of valuable culture which could possibly enable them apprehend more suspects including the masterminds of the terrorist attacks by the IRA. The in depth interrogation as an example of using force on suspects entailed five main techniques including pic of the terror suspects to a monotonous and unvarying loud voice with the show cover with a black hood and existence forced by means of a button to stand for about half-dozen hours at a time against a wall, hands raised above the head with the legs apart for a period of several days.The suspects were also subjected to severe deprivation of intellectual nourishment and water and also sleep was denied. However, the European Commission on Human Rights posterior on judged the method as one constituting an inhuman practice of treating people who have been arrested. This led to the discon tinuity of the use of the five techniques following unfavorable publicity . A major similarity in both counter-terrorism strategies is with regard to the attempts to use pink of my Johnful means or dialogue which has seen several treaties being write amidst the IRA and the British government and between the Sri Lankan government and the Tamil Tigers.The peace agreements have been accompanied by certain promises and conditions such power sharing deals, surrendering of weapons by the rebelling groups including other conditions with the purpose of seeking peace. However, a similar scenario witnessed in both cases is that most(prenominal) of the attempts to initiate sustainable peace agreements have in most cases failed due to divers(prenominal) political, economic or social reasons.A major attempt and a good example of a peace agreement in the Northern Ireland is the Downing Street contract bridge which was initiated in December 1993 and which signaled readiness for more dialogue to break the stalemate between all the sides involved in the final result process including the IRA and Sinn Fein, the Irelands oldest political movement . In Sri Lanka, since a new government came to power in 2001, the government has adopted a peace approach to suppress terrorism by the Tamil Tigers in which at least lead breakthroughs have been achieved.Among the peace talks have been a disarmament process, agreement on humanitarian measures and most importantly, the readiness of the Tamil Tigers to welcome a federal structure . It can therefore be understandably deduced that there have been practical and viable approaches to counter acts of terrorism by both the Ireland Republican Army and the Tamil Tigers which have been implemented by the governments concerned to set about and improve the situation in these countries. A good similarity is that both governments have tried peace agreements though most have not elicited sustainable outcomes.Another similarity is seen in the us e of force though the kind of force used against IRA is seen to be mostly applied after suspects have been apprehended in an effort to gather useful cultivation from them. The force used on Tamil Tigers is predominantly military action. The biggest contrast between the strategies in both situations is that a lot of sustainable legislative measures have been adopted against the IRA with only one major legislation being implemented against the Tamil Tigers. Bibliography Bjorgo, Tore. 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